Whilst China shows increasing commitment to the global efforts in the battle against climate change, the Chinese aviation sector has been forging ahead with developments in biofuels and air traffic control, both vital pillars to the industry’s strategy for a sustainable future for flight.

This week, an announcement came from Honeywell’s UOP LCC for plans to collaborate with aviation and refining leaders including PetroChina, Air China and Boeing, to evaluate and demonstrate sustainable aviation biofuels in China. The team, which includes government agencies and associations along with aviation and biofuel companies, will be looking into feedstock harvesting and processing, the establishment of refining capacity for commercial production, and the development of the infrastructure to store, deliver and dispense biofuels. Their aim: develop a complete supply chain for affordable, safe and domestically produced aviation biofuels in China, which will in turn result in a substantial reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the aviation industry. UOP has also signed an agreement to work with PetroChina, Air China and Boeing to evaluate and plan a biofuel demonstration flight in China. The flight will run on a 50:50 blend of petroleum-based jet fuel and ‘Green Jet Fuel’ – a sustainable, non-food feedstocks, which offers a reduction of up to 80% in GHG emissions!

Elsewhere in China, the Civil Aviation Authority is planning an upgrade of Chek Lap Kok's Air Traffic Control system to support ADS-B technology – a next generation air transportation system which gives pilots and navigators a better sense of its position compared with the present radar-based system, easing congestion and as such minimising both the time that aircraft spends taxiing and circling airports whilst waiting to land. Such measures are expected to save around 1,655 tonnes of jet fuel each year at an airport, which translates into savings of US$1.17 million in fuel costs for the airlines using Hong Kong International Airport and a reduction of 5,230 tonnes of CO2 a year.

Out in the Swiss countryside last week the Solar Impulse made its virgin voyage, where it cruised for 87 minutes at an altitude of 1,200 metres, demonstrating conclusive proof that an airplane can fly without any emissions. This solar-powered airplane is designed to fly day and night without fuel or emissions as it relies solely on the energy absorbed from 12,000 solar cells, built into its wings of the aircraft. The energy absorbed is saved in high-performance batteries and is used to power the four electric engines the plane runs on. Key to the design of this zero-emission aircraft is its weight – the body is made from carbon fibre meaning in total it weighs just 1,600 kilograms- that’s about the same as a mid-sized car!

The objective of this particular mission was to verify that the plane’s flight behaviour is in line with the calculations and simulations done using the flight simulator. Given that such a large and light plane had never been flown before, the behavior of the plane under real flying conditions remained unexplored, yet the test showed extremely positive results. The test pilot, Markus Scherdel, reported a stable and controllable ride from the outset and project leaders confirmed that all objectives had been reached. The Solar Impulse project, initiated by Bertrand Piccard in 2004, had been designed as a prototype for an aircraft intended to fly around the world without fuel in 2012. Of course this plane is not the passenger-carrying type, yet the model has proved very useful for testing new technologies that could potentially be used for driving some aircraft systems in the future.

Last week was also witness to two successful test flights coordinated by AIRE (the Atlantic, Interoperability Initiative to Reduce Emissions). The door to door flights were undertaken by Air France and American Airlines on the Paris – Miami route, and represented the first ever transatlantic flights whose objective was focused entirely around the reduction of greenhouse gas emission and noise pollution. The flights involved the cooperation of the air traffic control centres of France (DSNA), the UK (NATS), Portugal (Nav-Portugal) and the USA (FAA) along the route. Procedures adopted by Air France included shorter taxiing times at both airports, continuous climb, optimum altitude and speed during the cruise phase, and a continuous descent approach on arrival into Miami. The American Airlines’ flight included single-engine taxiing, continuous climb-out and descent, optimized routing over water and a tailored arrival. The results announced showed CO2 emissions reductions of 6-9 metric tons and fuel savings of 2-3 metric tons!

Heathrow airport has been working on their latest initiative designed to cut emissions at the same time as improving the comfort and convenience at the airport. This initiative comes in the form of the Urban Light Transport (ULTra) – “a personal rapid transit” system in the form of driverless, electrically-powered "taxi pods" which transport people and their luggage to Heathrow Airport’s Terminal 5. The ULTra taxi pods run on their own infrastructure, similar to that of a monorail system and have impressive environmental credentials, offering low emissions, a high level of service, efficient use of space and good value for money. But they do not only sound like something from the future, they actually look like something from a science fiction film. The idea being, to a certain extent, that if the ULTra is going to be around for years to come, its design will have to withstand the test of time!!

Elsewhere at Swansea University scientists have been researching into the aviation fuel of the future – microalgae. These scientists are undertaking a project using algae to create oil from seaweed, and have found that one particular type of algae, a microalgae named Botryococcus braunii algae, can produce particularly high levels of oil – around 50 to 140 tonnes of oil per hectare, compared to biofuel ethanol, which produces about 0.2 tonnes of oil equivalent, and rapeseed which generates around 1.2 tonnes. They are hoping that with their developments, the commercialization of biofuel across Wales will pick-up, especially as businesses become increasingly aware of the problems of relying on our resources of fossil fuels which are rapidly running-out and are known to contribute substantially to global warming.

And finally, to the air traffic management of the future… at ATC Global in Amsterdam on Wednesday, the SESAR Joint Undertaking (SJU) presented results from the European flight demonstrations performed in the framework of the Atlantic Interoperability Initiative to Reduce Emissions (AIRE). The AIRE project looked at inexpensive ways in which airlines, airports and aviation regulators in the U.S. and Europe can cut fuel consumption, carbon emissions and flight times by cooperating more effectively on air traffic management. Whilst undertaking this project, which was designed essentially to test the feasibility of implementing such procedures, engineers were also able to measure concrete fuel and CO2 savings from these procedures. And the results…? Pretty promising! The improvements show savings of more than 400 tons of CO2 on the test flights, which is about the equivalent of the annual CO2 emission of 100 passenger cars!

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You may have (or, let's face it, may not have) heard about the project called Single European Sky. It is a project to streamline the current national airspace boundries that have the skies over Europe split into some 30 different blocks. Currently, flights crossing the European continent have to zig-zag across a number of different control zones. With a single European control zone, millions of tonnes of carbon emissions could be reduced (not to mention time saved) by flying straighter and smarter routes.

One of the major projects that is underway to enable a single European sky is called SESAR - this is a joint European Commission and Eurocontrol effort to produce the technical capability required. And it is here that we get on to another project (and more acronyms).

SESAR has joined with the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration - the US Government's aviation regulator) to run the AIRE programme (for more information on this - including what AIRE stands for - check out the video below). Today, SESAR and the FAA announced in Amsterdam the results of a year-long set of trails looking at different areas of flight operations and working with an impressive array of industry stakeholders.

Six projects were initiated, taking place in Paris (ground movements, green arrivals and departures), Madrid and Stockholm (green approaches and climbs), Portugal and Iceland (oceanic flight optimisation). In total, 1,152 flights took place during the AIRE trials in 2009. Analysis of the data collected show that 400 tonnes of CO2 could be saved by implementing these new techniques.

The Executive Director of SESAR, Patrick Ky had this to say: “The AIRE activities performed in 2009 have shown encouraging results. It is now essential that we transform them from ‘flight trials’ to ‘day-to-day operations’, in order to realise the full benefits of SESAR."

Almost as impressive as the fuel savings and all the acronyms are the group of people working on the project - over 1,400 engineers from organisations across Europe are working on various SESAR projects. In fact, over 300 projects are getting started. Collaborating on the AIRE project alone were the following industry partners: ADACEL, AENA, Aéroports de Paris, Airbus, Air France, AVTECH, DSNA, Egis Avia, Iberia, Icelandair, INECO, Isavia, LFV, Nav Portugal, Novair, TAP Portugal, TERN Systems and Thales. Just another example of impressive aviation industry coordination!

“You’re next holiday may be powered by weeds” wrote Dominic O’Connell in the Sunday Times this week and indeed he may be right... Last week we saw a passenger biofuel flight by KLM and the last in a series of ‘MINT’ flights; this week sees development through British Airways who have taken a big step into the world of biofuels by starting trials in conjunction with Rolls-Royce. The trails involve conducting largescale ground tests of a range of fuels made from plants and will take place as of next year. BA will buy up to 240 tonnes of four kinds of biofuels for its research. The data generated by the tests should help speed the certification of the fuels for commercial use, with regulatory approval expected towards the end of next year.

Latin American airliner, GOL, announced this week their plan to have all aircraft be equipped with sensors to enable the use of the GPS Landing System, as well as Vertical Situation Display, as of January 2010. GOL predicts the GPS Landing System will become the dominant global technology in the near future. This equipment permits continuous ascent or descent which reduces fuel consumption and the emission of environmentally harmful gases by up to 15% in these flight stages. Enhancing this is the Vertical Situation Display which allows pilots to accurately identify, from the cockpit, information on ground relief and obstacles therefore permitting more efficient landing planning, reducing landing component wear and tear and, consequently, future maintenance expenses.

Elsewhere, there has been a request to ‘Switch off!’ by Stansted airport as they launch their new energy awareness campaign. Rather than leaving appliances on standby, airport staff are encouraged to save power by switching off therefore saving power, reducing emissions and by transferring this practice to home as well, saving some money on energy bills! This initiative is a part of the airport’s Energy Management Plan to reduce CO2 emissions from airport buildings and infrastructure by 30% by 2020, compared to 1990 levels. Other initiatives at Stansted include installation of a biomass boiler which has brought a 75% saving on gas consumption in the terminal building, use of movement sensors in office areas to turn lights off when areas aren't in use and a move to introduce low energy lighting across the airfield.

Effort has been truly industry-wide this week, with praise due across the board from engine manufacturers to airports for their improvements in regards to their environmental performance. 

The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) has been named the Air Navigation Services Provider of the Year by the Centre of Asia Pacific Aviation. CAAS has been recognised for its achievements in operational efficiencies that improve fuel efficiency thus reducing costs and emissions, such as the improved management and shortening of routes.

DFW International Airport in Texas has also been reducing emissions and has been recognised by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for its efforts. The airport was recently pushed up to number 11 in the EPA’s top 20 Local Government List of the largest green power purchasers. The airport purchases nearly 53 million kWh of green power per year, which is enough to meet 18% of the organization’s purchased electricity use. According to the EPA, this is equivalent to avoiding the CO2 emissions of nearly 7,000 passenger vehicles per year, or is the equivalent amount of electricity needed to power more than 5,000 average American homes annually.

Frankfurt Airport looks set to make improvements in this area as well. A project has been launched to look into the potential of the Walldorf deep-earth geothermal field as resource for renewable energy. If all goes well, the partners will construct a hybrid power plant, which will use geothermal power and biogas to produce electricity and heat which will then be used to supply Frankfurt Airport with renewable energy, so fingers crossed!

And finally, Rolls Royce won a contract this week with Virgin Atlantic to power ten of the carriers’ aircraft with its state of the art Trent 700 engines. Six of the aircraft that are to be supplied are Airbus model A330’s, which will feature an enhanced performance version of the Trent 700… and what does that mean? These enhanced Trent 700’s improve engine fuel burn by a further 1.3% over the regular models, helping Virgin Atlantic’s to pursue its mission to fly a modern fleet with the most fuel efficient technology available.

In other news, the Doha Aviation Summit2009 this week brought together internationally recognised associations, civil aviation authorities, ministries of aviation, airports, airlines and leading service providers to discuss various current issues the industry is facing. Much time was dedicated to the industry’s action on tackling environmental issues, with input in particular from Christohpe Cros from Airbus, who offered advice to the aviation market on new technology that lowers emissions and works towards a carbon neutral aviation industry. The conference suitably concluded with a 'Green Aviation' day where panelists discussed the carbon free future of aviation providing different perspective on development and deployment of new technologies, efficient usage of infrastructure, progress and utilisation of alternative fuels and the role of the government and institutional bodies in ensuring the carbon neutral growth.

Swedish airport and air traffic control operators have teamed up with home carrier SAS to undertake an intensive week-long trial of continuous descent approaches (CDA) at all airports across Sweden. CDAs are a new way of bringing aircraft from cruising altitude to landing by gliding in smoothly and continuously, rather than the traditional stepped approach. By reducing engine power, these landings produce less CO2 and are quieter for communities around airports.

The purpose of this latest trial is to gather information on a new technique for CDAs and how it works across a country's airport system. This trial is one of many being conducted around the world, but CDAs are also commonplace in a number of airports already. In fact, at the Aviation & Environment Summit earlier this year, it was announced that there would be CDA used in over 100 airports across Europe by the end of 2013 - this would save over half a million tonnes of CO2 annually.

This is far from the first environmental initiative being introduced by LFV:

• Straightening routes through their airspace
• Lowering emissions through a range of small initiatives
• It is the first airport group in the world to be carbon neutral - a move being followed by a number of other operators.

No-one will argue with the fact that our industry has too many acronyms and abbreviations. The amount of jargon is high - I even have trouble keeping up with it sometimes. At the recent Aviation & Environment Summit, we made two announcements - one on the implementation of CDA at airports across Europe (that's continuous descent approach) and the other on a global plan to bring about PBN (performance based navigation).

To introduce you to some more acroynms, here is a video produced by the US FAA on the NextGen air traffic control system that the industry has been asking for for quite some time. In fact, a group of organisations from across aviation have now got together to demand 'NextGen now' - urging the US Government to speed up the delivery of this system which will save millions of tonnes of CO2 annually.

If you can excuse the cheesy music, this video explains very nicely what NextGen will mean - remember, for every minute saved in flight, fuel is saved and emissions are reduced.

In the entry below I wrote about the Declaration calling for the rapid implementation of Performance-based Navigation (PBN). You can watch the video of the announcement by CANSO Secretary General Alexander ter Kuile at the Aviation & Environment Summit.